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The goal of leader development is "the expansion of the person's capacity to be effective in leadership roles and processes." The two central elements to this are: # Leadership can be learned…people do learn, grow, and change # Leader development helps to make a person effective in a variety of formal and informal leadership roles. Leader development promotes personal growth, helping individuals develop their abilities to manage themselves, to work effectively with others, and to ensure that the work gets done. Leadership development promotes organizational growth, helping the group as a whole develop the leaders it needs to carry out such tasks as securing the commitment of members and setting direction.〔 Establishing connections with people who can help one achieve one's goals will increase your chances of emerging as a leader in an organizational context. A great deal of a leader's development happens internally. Leadership development is an "inside-out" process that starts within the leader and then moves outward to impact others. A leader's effectiveness is based on character principles like fairness, integrity, honesty, service, excellence, and growth. According to Stephen Covey's ''The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People'', habits are a combination of knowledge (what to do and why to do it), skill (how to do it), and motivation (wanting to do it). * ''Habit 1'' is to be proactive; proactive leaders realize that they can choose how they respond to events. * ''Habit 2'' is to begin with the end in mind; effective leaders always keep their ultimate goals in mind. * ''Habit 3'' is to put first things first; leader's time should be organized around priorities. * ''Habit 4'' is to think win/win; those with win/win perspectives take a mutual gains approach to communication, believing that the best solution benefits both parties. * ''Habit 5'' is to seek first to understand, and then to be understood; effective leaders put aside their personal concerns to engage in empathetic listening. * ''Habit 6'' is synergize; synergy creates a solution that is greater than the sum of its parts. * ''Habit 7'' is to sharpen the saw; continual renewal of the physical, social/emotional, spiritual, and mental dimensions of the self. Spirituality has played a critical role in leaders development, "helping them to make and follow through on their moral choices, develop virtues and character, identify their values and purpose, reaching job assignments and hardships." There are some common spiritual practices that promote leader effectiveness, such as 1. Treating others fairly, 2. Expressing care and concern, 3. Listening responsively, 4. Appreciating the contributions of others, 5. Engaging in reflective practice., or "Personal Mastery", the first pathway in Cashman's Seven Pathways to Mastery. ==Self-leadership== It has been argued, by people such as Kevin Cashman, that leadership should be looked at from within.〔Stogdill, R. M. (1965). ''Managers, employees, organizations''. Columbus: Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.〕 According to Cashman, leadership can be defined as the "authentic self-expression that creates value."〔McGregor, D. (1960). ''The human side of enterprise''. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071462228〕 This form of leadership can be found at all levels within an organization.〔Hackman, M. & Johnson, C. (2009). ''Leadership: A communication perspective''. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.〕 He identifies seven pathways for individuals to lead from the inside out. Instead of a hierarchical order, these pathways are created holistically.〔Hackman, M. & Johnson, C. (2009). ''Leadership: A communication perspective''. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.〕 Pathway One: Personal Mastery〔 *Exploring and getting to know yourself and what is important to you by asking questions such as: * *What do I believe about myself and other people? * *What do I believe about leadership * *What do I believe about life and the world? Pathway Two: Purpose Mastery〔 *Focusing on understanding and using your gifts and talents to add value to those around you *Identifying activities that are energizing and exciting Pathway Three: Change Mastery〔 *Letting go of old patterns to enhance creativity *Being adaptable and willing to change *Changing current reality allows a leader to see a new reality Pathway Four: Interpersonal Mastery〔 *Focusing on the development of interpersonal competencies *Seeking feedback from others will help to improve personal relationships Pathway Five: Being Mastery〔 *Using periods of peace and silence to understand one's inner most being Pathway Six: Balance Mastery〔 *Taking time for self, family and friends is critical to maintaining balance in life *Achieving balance may be one of the most difficult pathways to master, but is the most important Pathway Seven: Action Mastery〔 *Leading as a whole person by getting in touch with one's authentic self and expressing it to others 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Communication and Leadership During Change」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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